Enlightment for Fredrick the Great of Prussia and Joseph...

Frederick the Great of Prussia and Joseph II of Austria adopted the newfound ideas of the Enlightenment to different extents with Frederick the Great advancing the ideas by implementing religious toleration, freedom of speech and press, and setting a single code of laws for all of his subjects and not advancing them by not abolishing serfdom for fear of upsetting the â€Å"Junkers†, or Prussian nobility; Joseph II advanced the ideas of the Enlightenment eagerly by completely abolishing serfdom paying no heed to what it could cause socially and politically and he didn’t advance these ideas in the end because his many reforms caused alienation of the church and nobility and radical changes in social hierarchy. Frederick the Great of Prussia†¦show more content†¦Most of these reforms though were to please the querulous nobility and prevent them from trying to interfere with the government and upset social balance. Frederick the Great set limitations whilst accepting Enlightenment ideas when it interfered with the good of his subjects, economy and his beloved military. All of these three topics depended on the Prussian nobility, or the â€Å"Junkers† who owned large amounts of land had many serfs to farm it. Many of these Junkers also held important military ranks in the army. Frederick the Great could have chosen to abolish serfdom but did not for this would greatly anger the Junkers, the backbone of the Prussian state and military. It was said that Prussia was not a country with an army: it was an army with a country. In Frederick’s military, he did not abolish torture to help install discipline and honesty in his soldiers. Keeping this helped his army become the fou rth strongest army in Europe. Joseph II of Austria strictly believed that reason was the best and only path to take and so accepted nearly all of the new Enlightenment ideas on his traditionally run empire causing major issues. One

Legal, Ethical, And Policy Issues - 1392 Words

Legal, Ethical, and Policy Issues, Oh My! Julia Colasurdo SUNY College of Technology at Alfred State Abstract Legal, ethical, and policy issues are an important aspect of nursing and medical informatics. Nurses should be aware of the dilemmas facing the use of informatics in the health care facilities. It is important to note the legal issues facing nursing because of the charges of negligence that can be incurred on the nurse if not aware. Ethical dilemmas of privacy including security breaches can be detrimental to the facility, and the patients. Nurses should also be aware of the policies regarding privacy, and confidentiality. These actions can help prevent issues and aid in improving the health care system, especially in†¦show more content†¦Health care depends on information.† As nurses we have to be able to interpret the data and evaluate it’s accuracy. We also use it along with our assessments to care for our patients and identify when something isn’t right. This objective will help me to understand the legal, ethical, and policy issues related to the use of informatics in the work place. And it will also allow me to be not only aware of these issues, but will help me to understand and utilize the data in the intended way to help patients. Legal Issues Legal issues related to medical informatics was destined to be a problem. Before health records were only paper based and there was constantly incomplete or illegible information that was difficult to dicipher. Now that electronic health records are commonly used, health care providers have access to unlimited amounts of data that’s perfectly legible. The amount of data now avaialable to the providers could almost be overwhelming. â€Å"This virtual â€Å"mountain† of data can lead to information overload, a new liability that can lead providers to overlook key findings despite reliable access to documentation. For instance, clinicians who miss a critical detail that affects treatment decisions while reviewing the EHR could in fact be liable for negligence because â€Å"the fact in question was likely just a few clicks away.†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Sittig Singh, 2011). The use of electronic health records,

Strengthening Federal Clean Air Standards Free Essays

For Californians, not a day goes by without hearing some remark referring to smog or the quality of the air they breathe. One becomes accustom to shrugging such remarks off without a second thought after a while. Sure the air is getting cleaner, manufactures and people alike seem to be doing all they can do to clean up the air they breathe. We will write a custom essay sample on Strengthening Federal Clean Air Standards or any similar topic only for you Order Now Clean air folks are starting to be labeled as reactionaries. As with every organized group there are those among them that deserve such labels, but when it comes down to the air which people have to breathe very day, extra emphasis is a good thing. Federal and local regulations along with public support are responsible for substantial gains in air quality in the last ten years. â€Å"Air quality in Southern California continues to improve, with 1995 registering some of the lowest levels in decades. Yet Southern California still experiences the worst air quality in the nation requiring continued diligence to meet air quality standards† These improvements provide the grounds for continuing the battle for air quality instead of grounds for a pat on the back and job well done. Federal clean air standards should be strengthened. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) along with an arsenal of reputable agencies have drafted a plan known as the 1997 Air Quality Management Plan (AQMP) in which detailed summaries regarding current and future air quality measures are brought forward for critics and supporters alike to discern. It is in this plan along with supporting facts regarding beneficial economic gains and support from the medical community that make the case for continuous and stricter air quality standards. The 1997 AQMP sets fourth the guidelines in which the Federal government should set standards for state and local governments along with private agencies to impose and enforce. The focus of the plan comes as a result of new understanding regarding pollutants known as ozone and M10. This new information flows from countless scientific studies. For example, â€Å"Use of the most current air quality information (1995), including special particulate matter data from the PM10 Technical Enhancement Program† . There findings show direct links in ozone and the PM10 pollutants. In chapter three of the plan one can find the scientific data based on base year emission levels dating back to 1987 as they relate to current and future emission levels. Data clearly show’s improvement in Southern California’s quality of air in the ten year period between 1987 and 1997. The data also provides needed understanding of the major contributors to smog and other ozone depleting pollutants. Overall, total mobile source emissions account for 61 percent of the VOC and 88 percent of the Nox emissions for these two pollutants† The knowledge of this information has been a major factor in the control of these pollutants produced by the vehicles driven by millions everyday weather on the job or just tooling around town with the top down. While the information in this plan requires a good deal of scientific knowledge to understand the general message is clear. Populations are increasing which increases the demands placed on the environment. Without continual improvement regarding air quality there will be massive amounts of ozone depleting emissions created and unchecked in the environment. This plan should be imposed by the Federal government. It provides the method for promising futures not only for the environment but the economy as well. Along with the benefits in improved air quality that will result form the implementation of the 1997 AQMP substantial gains in technology will be achieved in the areas of zero emission vehicles and the development of alternative fuels. On-road motor vehicles which include passenger cars, light duty trucks, medium duty vehicles, heavy duty vehicles, and motorcycles, currently number approximately 10 million in the South Coast Air Basin. † If this seems an alarming number of vehicles of which contribute 61 percent of the VOC and 88 percent of the Nox emissions in the air; you better sit down. â€Å"In 1995 these vehicles traveled more than 300 million miles per day, and by the year 2010, vehicle miles traveled is projected to be about 380 million miles per day† . This is an alarming number of vehicles along with an alarming number of miles to boot. The implementation of the 1997 plan will require the sale of zero-emission vehicles beginning in 2003. This demand places immense pressure on the automotive industry to come up with suitable alternatives for the combustion engine. The technology gains from this industrial effort have already begun to show themselves at car shows throughout the country. All manufactures will benefit from this new technology, from those who produce the batteries that run them to manufacturers of the lightweight materials needed to produce such automobiles. The public reaps immediate gains from this technology such as the cell phone’s carried by thousands of people every day in Southern California. Some of the most notable technologies include nickel metal-hydride, lithium-ion, and sodium-nickel chloride. Nickel metal-hydride batteries are responsible for the ability to constantly charge ones cell phone battery without it developing a memory position resulting in limited to no use of the battery at all. Lithium-ion batteries provide extended use of many battery operated items used in every day life such as flash lights, cameras, radios†¦ Honda and Toyota have announced they will introduce pilot fleets of electric vehicles with nickel metal-hydride batteries in 1988 . The examples in technological advancements that result from stricter air quality controls are endless and cannot be fully realized without implementation of the controls described in the 1997 AQMP. As if the available information thus far were not enough to support the EPA’s plans for air quality, the medical community has stepped forward to support efforts for cleaner air as well. The proposed plan clearly benefits air quality and the economy through advances in technology. Support from the medical community will convince the stragglers that don’t feel air quality and technology will directly benefit themselves. â€Å"Dr. Barry S. Levy, American Public Health Association president and an environmental health physician, called today for the adoption of EPA’s proposed regulations to lower levels of particulate (soot) matter and ozone (a chemical that helps cause smog) in the air. This effort will protect children and adults from illness, disability and death, and reduce health care costs by billions of dollars† . Public health is of major concern when it comes to the environment. The air people breath daily is vital to their existence and the quality of that air is one of the major factors to their quality of life. According to DR. Levy, â€Å"The proposed EPA standard are based on well-designed scientific studies that link adverse health effect to the fine particulate matter and ozone† . The American Public Health Association (APA) is considered on of the oldest and largest organizations devoted to public health. The APA credits itself with some of the top professionals in the field of public health. They have conducted more studies and published more information regarding public health than any other organization of its kind in the world so when they support the EPA’s findings for stricter air quality control measures they speak for a vast majority of health professionals. Common sense requires one to feel a sense of dread at the possibility of death as a result of poor air quality. The EPA has built a sound case for enacting stricter air qualities and they have a great plan for its enactment. It is clearer now that the adoption of the 1997 AQMP has far reaching benefits for all. Scientifically sound evidence points to the reality of cleaner air from the plans enactment. Increases in technology will create economic growth and business opportunity. And finally health risks resulting from poor air quality can be substantially reduced for both children and adults. The 1997 AQMP also provides measures for meeting the standards proposed in its regulations. Through, â€Å"Intercredit Trading Program, Air Quality Investment Program and Promotion of Catalyst-Surface Coating Technology Programs for Air Conditioning Units. These measures are designed to enhance compliance flexibility, to facilitate the implementation of the command and control measures† . The command and control measures of the plan are simply implementation and enforcement policies which incorporate assistance and rewards for complying to regulations. Most of these programs are already successfully being operated at the present time. There is also an Air Quality Assistance Fund which has been enacted to help small businesses comply with stricter emission regulations. The plan provides a â€Å"loan guarantee for up to 90 percent of the loan amount, ranging from a minimum of $15,000 to a maximum of $250,000† . Money can be used for retrofitting operations to the point of complying with any portion of the AQMP. A study conducted buy Dr. Steven Meyer, director of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Project on Environmental Politics and Policy says, â€Å"‘Job growth–not job loss– is associated with stronger environmental policies. The 10 states with the strongest environmental policies appear to have experienced annual employment growth rates almost . 6 percent higher than those of the 10 states with the weakest environmental policies'†. Opponents of Federal regulations often rely on job scare tactics to kill a useful initiative such as the one proposed by the EPA but the facts are, jobs are created when improvements in technology are made. The plan provides a complete package from reasons for change through benefits of such changes right down to the actual implementation of its policy’s. It provides areas of assistance for those who have trouble with compliance and places adequate emphasis on continued improvement in all areas regarding air quality. With regard to the health of the planet and the there is little reason remaining for the Federal government not to enforce stricter air quality measures. How to cite Strengthening Federal Clean Air Standards, Essay examples

Literary career Essay Example For Students

Literary career Essay Charles Dickens was born near Portsmouth: his father was a clerk in the Navy Pay Office. His father didnt make much money here and the family wasnt coping well. The happiest period of Dickenss troubled childhood was spent in Chatham, although the family moved around a great deal. By early 1824, the family was in financial trouble and the 12-year old Dickens was sent to work for a few months at a shoe-polish warehouse on the banks of the Thames. A few days later, his father was arrested for debt. When his father was released, the family finally had some luck as they were left an inheritance courtesy of a late relative. In 1827, Dickens worked as a junior clerk for a firm of solicitors in Holborn, but he hated the law, and was drawn instead to journalism. He learnt shorthand and began reporting at the Doctors Commons Courts, and in 1831-1832 he was making shorthand reports of Parliamentary debates for the London papers. At this time, Dickens was toying with the idea of an acting career, and he remained fascinated by the theatre throughout his life, often directing and acting in shows to raise money for charitable causes and friends in distress. However, when the Monthly Magazine accepted his story, A Dinner at Poplar Walk (1833), Dickens was diverted into his subsequent literary career. He published a series of sketches of daily life in London in the Evening Chronicle, using the pseudonym Boz, his younger brothers childhood nickname. Through this work, he met his wife, Catherine Hogarth, the daughter of the Evening Chronicles co-editor; they married in 1836. Throughout his life Dickens disliked the law. Since he had experienced both sides of life being rich and poor through different periods of his childhood Dickens was completely against the poor law. Dickens uses the story of Oliver Twist to attack the cruelties of the 1834 reforms to the Poor Law, and to counter the glamorous and falsely attractive depiction of Londons criminal underworld. The novel follows the progress of Oliver, an orphan born in a workhouse, and maltreated by its hypocritical master, Bumble.  When Oliver is born after a while he begins to sneeze as if to announce that he is well and healthy but here Dickens uses humour to notify us of the feelings of the rest of the parish.  Oliver breathed, sneezed and proceeded to advertise to the inmates the fact of a new burden being imposed upon the parish. The fact that Olivers mother was being looked after by a peculiar old nurse who was sitting and drinking instead of helping the young woman.  The nurse interposed hastily depositing in her pocket a green glass bottle, the contents of which she had tasted in the corner with evident satisfaction.  Dickens makes us feel sympathetic towards Oliver in the next paragraph as he writes about the death of his mother.  She imprinted her cold white lips on its forehead; passed her hands over her face; gazed wildly around; shuddered fell back and died. Dickens then shows his anger by predicting Olivers future; it shows that he feels that this is how all poor children are treated not only in the workhouse but throughout the world. He was badged and ticketed and fell into place at once, a parish child, the orphan of the workhouse, the humble, half starved drudge to be cuffed and buffeted through the world despised by all and pitied by none.  Nine years had passed and we read that Oliver Twist is unhealthy and weak.  Twists ninth birthday found him a pale thin child, somewhat diminutive in stature and decidedly small in circumference.  This shows that Oliver has been treated appallingly from the moment he was born up to his ninth birthday. Dickens then uses irony and humour to put forward his point of view as he describes how Oliver is treated on his birthday. .u125dd0aa704fe161984e3f3cfee2c01a , .u125dd0aa704fe161984e3f3cfee2c01a .postImageUrl , .u125dd0aa704fe161984e3f3cfee2c01a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u125dd0aa704fe161984e3f3cfee2c01a , .u125dd0aa704fe161984e3f3cfee2c01a:hover , .u125dd0aa704fe161984e3f3cfee2c01a:visited , .u125dd0aa704fe161984e3f3cfee2c01a:active { border:0!important; } .u125dd0aa704fe161984e3f3cfee2c01a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u125dd0aa704fe161984e3f3cfee2c01a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u125dd0aa704fe161984e3f3cfee2c01a:active , .u125dd0aa704fe161984e3f3cfee2c01a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u125dd0aa704fe161984e3f3cfee2c01a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u125dd0aa704fe161984e3f3cfee2c01a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u125dd0aa704fe161984e3f3cfee2c01a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u125dd0aa704fe161984e3f3cfee2c01a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u125dd0aa704fe161984e3f3cfee2c01a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u125dd0aa704fe161984e3f3cfee2c01a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u125dd0aa704fe161984e3f3cfee2c01a .u125dd0aa704fe161984e3f3cfee2c01a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u125dd0aa704fe161984e3f3cfee2c01a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Admiration towards forbidden love EssayIt was his ninth birthday and he was spending it with a party of young gentleman who, after participating in a sound thrashing had been locked up for atrociously presuming to be hungry.  Dickens puts his point across in an effective, thought provoking but funny way. It shows that even on his birthday Oliver is beaten, not given any extra food as a treat and locked up in a coal cellar.  Oliver is then sent to the work house yet he had to meet with the board. The boy was frightened and confused. Oliver begins to cry steadily when he reminded that he is an orphan.  You know youve got no mother and father and that you were brought u p by the parish dont you? Dickens shows here that the board didnt care about Oliver and his feelings.  My point is backed up in the next few lines as the gentlemen are confused as to why Oliver is crying.  What are you crying for?  What could the boy be crying for?  Dickens pretty much sums up what he is trying to say about the workhouses in this section. Then the gentleman asks him if hes a good Christian and if he prays at night.  I hope you say your prayers at night; said another gentleman in a gruff voice; and pray for the people who feed you and take care of you- like a good Christian. Dickens uses irony and humour after this is said.  It would have been very much like a Christian, and a marvellously good Christian too, if Oliver had prayed for the people who clothed and fed him. But he hadnt because no one had taught him.  Three months after Oliver is sent to the workhouse it comes to our attention that Oliver and the rest are slowly being starved to the point where they are threatening to eat each other.  Oliver Twist and his companions suffered the tortures of slow starvation for three months: at last they got so voracious and wild with hunger, that one boy hinted darkly to his companions that unless he had another basin of gruel, he was afraid he might some night have to eat the boy who slept next to him. For this reason the boys picked straws to see who would be the one to ask for more food the next evening. Oliver was set this task.  Please sir I want some more.  For this reason Oliver was taken to the board and anybody who would take him away from the parish would receive five pounds in reward.  In chapter four we are introduced to Mr Sowerberry the parish under taker who is having a general conversation with the beadle about business.  The prices allowed by the board are very small.So are the coffins.   Theres no denying that, since the new system of feeding has come in, the coffins are somewhat narrower and shallower than they used to be: but we must have some profit. Here Dickens describes a general conversation between the beadle and the undertaker he uses this conversation effectively as he shows that the children of the parish dying thinner than ever means good news for the business as they make a lot of profit.  Mr Bumble changes the subject to Oliver Twist and Oliver is inevitably apprenticed to the undertaker.  Oliver arrives at the undertakers house with Mr Bumble, Mrs Sowerberry comes to the door and sees Oliver but she is not impressed.  Dear me! Said the undertakers wife, hes very small.  After Oliver finishes his supper he is taken away by Mrs Sowerberry to be shown where he will sleep.  Your beds under the counter. You dont mind sleeping amongst the coffins, I suppose? But it doesnt matter whether you do or you dont, for you cant sleep anywhere else.